Introduction: Academic motivation can be perceived as a factor in deciding to continue academic education. One of the new models in this area is Jones’s model of academic motivation (MUSIC). This study aimed to test the seven-factor structure of this motivation model in medical sciences students.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 378 students (197 females and 181 males) of Urmia University of Medical Sciences who were selected through cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Jones and Wilkins’s 26-item students’ motivation questionnaire. Amos-16 software was used for the correlation matrix analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.Results: A positive significant correlation existed among the components of the model. Goodness of fit indices showed that the seven-factor model provides a good fit of students’ academic motivation. Conclusion: The seven-factor structure of academic motivation (MUSIC) model can be highly useful in developing and promoting students’ academic motivation and participation.

MUSIC in the Shāh Abbas' 's epoch like the other areas of art was under the influence of the politics and the political lines of power institution. Examining the available sources revealed Shāh Abbas’s I consideration and interest to different branches of art like MUSIC. The MUSICal performers, singers and MUSICians got an elevated position in the Safavid court due to Shāh Abbas’s attention and favor and they were engaged in displaying their arts. Different usage of MUSIC in various ceremonies such as the celebrations and rites gives not only notice of boom and propagation of MUSIC in Shāh Abbas’s era, but also expresses his consideration and propensity to the MUSIC and MUSICians. The present study investigated the available resources to examine the position of the MUSIC and the MUSICians in the Shāh Abbas' 's court.

Purpose: To measure the time needed to teach a series of MARTIAL arts techniques to proficiency. Methods: Fifteen volunteer subjects without any prior MARTIAL arts or self-defense experience were recruited. A panel of MARTIAL arts experts selected 21 different techniques including defensive stances, arm blocks, elbow strikes, palm strikes, thumbs to eyes, instep kicks and a carotid neck restraint. The critical elements of each technique were identified by the panel and incorporated into a teaching protocol, and then into a scoring system. Two black belt MARTIAL arts instructors directed a total of forty-five 45-minute training sessions. Videotaped proficiency testing was performed weekly. The videotapes were reviewed by the investigators to determine the proficiency levels of each subject for each technique.Results: The techniques were rated by the average number of training sessions needed for an individual to develop proficiency in that technique. The mean number of sessions necessary to train individuals to proficiency ranged from 27 to 38.3. Using this system, the most difficult techniques seemed to be elbow strikes to the rear, striking with thumbs to the eyes and arm blocking.Conclusions: In this study 29 hours of training was necessary to train novice students to be proficient in 21 offensive and defensive MARTIAL arts techniques. To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to measure the learning curves involved when teaching MARTIAL arts techniques.

Background and Aim: This study was conducted to benefit and utilize the scientific and experimental achievements of military medicine during eight years of holy defense. The practical purpose of this study is to accurately record the performance and experiences of military medicine practitioners for valid reference. The comprehensiveness of this study in presenting military medicine practice in the field of health has not been observed in case studies. Materials and methods: The research method is a combination of library study, field research through oral questioning and interviewing, and the use of diary notes written in the course of events. Accurate recording of events by imagination, recording dates and names, observing time sequences, medical scheduling in medical centers from the beginning to the end of the sacred defense are the characteristics and contents of these notes which are considered as a rich source of value. Results: The pre-war form of health was officially present in army units, but military medicine was an emerging entity that emerged from the heart of sacred defense. The active involvement of the health sector in the sacred defense became a source of enormous impact. Holding meetings and conferences, organizing specialist forces, setting up training centers and specialized scientific committees, establishing and promoting field hospitals, developing dozens of effective prevention and treatment protocols and guidelines, unremitting efforts to realize a resilient economy and maintain human capital are among the achievements of military medicine. Although, during the decades leading up to the imposed war, medical schools were not properly trained on war-related medical issues, the combat physician was able to properly and scientifically deal with war-related health issues and the emerging issue of defense against chemical warfare in Iran. Supply or logistics of blood and all kinds of blood products were among the duties that the organization was well placed to perform. Conclusion: The deliberate practice of military medicine in supervising the provision and supply of healthy and healthy food and water prevented any epidemics and general outbreaks of disease on the fronts. With the establishment of a specialized scientific committee, military medicine was able to develop the required comprehensive scientific and scientific style sheets and protocols based on the prevention and treatment of illnesses and the treatment of injuries and injuries and with the organization and training of more than 20, 000 people, cadres and people, and the supply of tens of thousands of tons of general and specialized logistics along with the nearly one million blood bags and blood products, there has been a tremendous improvement in health. Valuable MARTIAL arts experiences have led to the saving and saving of tens of billions of dollars in human capital and the establishment of two IRGC University of Medical Sciences (Baqiyatallah) and the military, along with several research institutes in the fields of MARTIAL arts, health and unexpected events.

Background: Comparison of psychological characteristics between athletes and non-athletes to find a possible personality profile for athletes has been one of the main goals of psychological studies in sport. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the difference between MARTIAL arts athletes and non-athletes regarding aggression. Method: This study was conducted with causal comparative method. Data were collected from 74 MARTIAL arts athletes from four sport modalties (Taekwondo, Karate, Judo and Wushu) and 74 non-athletes between 28 July and 22 September 2006. The BPAS (Buss and Perry Aggression Scale) was used to evaluate aggression. Results: Significant difference were found between athletes and non-athletes regarding aggression, in general, and regarding components of aggression: physical aggression and anger, specially. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the aggression. and control variable explained for %19.0 of the variance in sport participation. Discussion: Despite claim of catharsis theory, the present study showed that participation in sports activities exclusively can not applied as acceptable instrument for discharging of physical energy in our society but sports participation in Iranian culture probably have ethical implications.

Background and Aim: Sometimes, there is a lawsuit against the MARTIAL arts champion to claim bodily harm inflicted by them. This injury can be inflicted in the clubs against the training opponent, or in the streets, to attack or defend against an invader as well as in official matches. The main question is civil liability of warriors for harm done to another. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive Study. Ethical Considerations: All ethical considerations as well as authenticity of the texts have been observed. Findings: In countries like the United States, there are many cases in the courts about Struggles leading to injury during sports. In Iranian courts, despite the consent of the participant in the competition or club exercises, this defense sometimes is not accepted and then coaches or warriors are liable to compensate. The present article examines the civil consequences of non – vital hand and foot blows in the streets or at the club during training with competition. It further suggests full insurance coverage of clubs and competitions. Conclusion: If an athlete inflict a harm to others during the game, if it is unintentional, it does not results in responsibility; but if he intentionally inflict harms to others, according to article 32 of the Civil Liability Act, he will be responsible for compensation.

This article was aimed to achieve the factors of progress of MARTIAL arts teachers and trainers, and a qualitative method was used in the research method. The statistical population of the research was MARTIAL arts professors and university informants. The sampling method in the qualitative section was initially purposeful and judgmental, and then snowball sampling was used to collect information. In this research, theoretical saturation was reached by interviewing 21 people from the target samples. The tools of data collection were interviews and documents, and after coding and identifying the themes, the Dematel method was used to design and validate the model. Data analysis was done using related theme analysis methods, and then the data obtained from twenty-one interviews were coded and analyzed using the theorizing method of theme analysis. The results of theme analysis showed that grouping of codes has fifteen components and has three parts, including capacity building in trainers and previous learning as well as situation analysis, and competitors, etc. This research can be used as a basis for the advancement of MARTIAL arts teachers and trainers. In the environment of combat sports, the coach is considered as one of the main figures, thus the identification of the effective factors in the progress of teachers and coaches were extracted and confirmed, and the research framework was drawn and its suitability was confirmed. Sports managers are advised to pay attention to the coach as one of the most important success factors in combat sports.

War is considered as one of the main themes of the lyrical poems in Persian literature, which sometimes makes the atmosphere of the work close to epic works. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the use of the MARTIAL theme in lyrical poems. Based on this, we sought to answer the following questions by analyzing twenty lyrical poems written from the 5th to the 8th century: (1) what is the reason or motivation for using the MARTIAL theme in lyrical works? (2) How does the war in lyrical poems differ from other works, especially epic ones? (3) How has it been used? The results demonstrated that the first Persian poets of lyrical poems had paid the attention to the MARTIAL theme, and generally, this theme can be seen in eighteen lyrical poems. War which had the decorative and fundamental uses was repeated in the lyrical poems. Making love glorious and magnificent, being affected by epic works, competing with Ferdowsi (as a Persian poet), allocating love to the courtly class, adding more details making the story exciting, testing the worth of the loved one and performing a step-by-step ritual of the initiation in order to be honored a wife are among the reasons for using the MARTIAL theme. The intrinsic motives of war are one of the most important features of using the MARTIAL theme in lyrical works, and accordingly war is caused by love. Extended abstract Introduction A narrative of the romantic poems is considered as one of the most pleasant subjects of lyrical poetry. According to a list of both Persian printed books and Persian manuscripts, some researchers have considered the number of romances to be nearly six hundred, of which seventy percent are written in verse (cf. Zulfaghari, 2012: 37). In Persian poetry, many works cannot be placed in the scope of a literary style. The components of a literary style can easily be used in other styles of literature. Combat and warfare, which are fundamental and constructive themes of epic works, are also common in other literary styles, especially lyrical styles (including romantic and mystic styles). In this study, we sought to answer the following questions: (1) what is the reason or motivation for using for using the MARTIAL theme in lyrical works? (2) How does the war in lyrical poems differ from other works, especially epic ones? (3) How has it been used? Given that epics take place in the battlefield, and also the MARTIAL theme is used in most lyrical poems, it is therefore necessary to pay attention to the reasons for its use, which can lead to a more accurate understanding of these two styles in literature. 2-Research method This was a descriptive analytical study, and also the data were collected by using library methods. By analyzing twenty lyrical poems written from the 5th to the 8th century, the MARTIAL themes, such as going to war with various creatures, the enemy's army or a specific person, were first extracted from them. These themes were then analyzed, and also the reasons for their use were categorized and analyzed according to the narrative as compared with other works. 3-Discussion The MARTIAL theme, as a solution for achieving the desired outcome or protecting it, is observed in the different styles of literature. Dealing with the combat does not distort the process of a literary style and is not a factor which causes the system of literary styles to be disrupted. The most important difference between the epic and lyrical poems in terms of war is its purpose. The war takes place in literary works using the personal, collective, national, religious and human motivations. In the lyrical poems, the hero's goal of fighting is a personal motivation so as to obtain his/her loved one and provide his/her comfort. Some have also considered the characteristics of epic love to be factors, such as the shortness of time for getting a loved one, love with a motive of marriage and the birth of the hero (cf. Hassan Rezaei et al., 2015: 29). The war is the most common theme in lyrical poems. From the first lyrical poems of Persian literature to the end of the 8th century, the war as one of the themes of the story is observed in 18 out of 20 lyrical poems. The use of war in the lyrical works can have several functions, and also it can be employed in one work with several functions at the same time. Being influenced by Ferdowsi and competing with him are the most common reasons for using the lyrical poems. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh not only creates an epic poem, but other literary styles are also affected by it. The romantic poets were heavily influenced by Ferdowsi's writing and used his style in different ways, and also the war was one of the main themes, which the reason for using it might be imitating the Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and placing their works in its atmosphere. In the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, both the war and banquet were observed together and also the poets after Ferdowsi believed that paying the attention to love without fighting was incomplete. Among them is the story of "Varaqe and Golshah". The aristocratic status of the love parties, especially the lover, was one of the common features of romantic poems. Many of lyrical poems originated from of kings’ pastimes, and love accompanied by poverty was not observed in the Iranian original stories. The connection of love to the courtly class, meaning that no government is without enemies, makes the war a part of the story. In some romance narrative poems, the objective of using the battle scenes is to add ups to the story and downs and expand it. In the story of Layli (Layla) and Majnun, war did not have a fundamental place in the story and it was added to make the story exciting. It seems that sometimes war provides the ground for making love glorious and magnificent. In this case, the lover or sometimes the beloved goes to the war with others on the path of love which can only be passed through the battle. 4-Conclusion War is not dedicated to epic works, and also the analysis of romantic poems showed that it is one of the main themes used in these stories, indicating that the path of love also follows war. 18 out of 20 lyrical poems used the MARTIAL theme. The war is sometimes a decorative component that can be removed, and sometimes is a fundamental component and part of the plot of the story. The MARTIAL theme can be used for several reasons, such as the influence of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and its imitation, the connection between love and the courtly class in the traditional literature considering that war contributes to the history of governments, showing the splendor of love and the difficulty of getting a loved one, and testing the worth of the loved one. The analysis results of these works demonstrated that war was mostly seen in the poem of Varaqe and Golshah written by Ayyuqi, which might due to the influence of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and the addition of ups and downs to the narrative. However, the war was not observed in the poem of Yusuf and Zuleikha attributed to Ferdowsi and Hasan Dehlavi 's Eshgh-Nameh. It was clear that poet of the first lyrical poem avoided paying attention to a famous story from the Quran, his emphasis on telling the truth, and addition of topics like war which had no connection with it. In another poem, it seemed that there was no opportunity to use the war due to the theme of the story and its brevity and the short period of time that the poet composed it during only one night. . Except for these two poems, in Khosrow and Shirin poem, Nezami Ganjavi took the least advantage of the MARTIAL theme to narrate history differently from Ferdowsi's style from the perspective of love, and Amir Ḵosrow imitating Nezami Ganjavi also employed the same method in Shirin and Khosrow. The use of the MARTIAL theme aimed to add the excitement and ups and downs to the story and provide a ground for the poet's performance, which has made his/her work more popular and accepted by the audience. Although war is observed in the lyrical and epic works, the intrinsic motives of war are one of the most important features of using this theme in lyrical works, and accordingly war is caused by love. 5-References Alimoradi, M. Ashraf zade, R. 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